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Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.〔("Collaborationism" ), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition〕 Stanley Hoffmann subdivided collaboration onto * ''involuntary'' (reluctant recognition of necessity) and * ''voluntary'' (an attempt of exploiting necessity).〔Stanley Hoffmann. Collaborationism in France during World War II. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), pp. 375–395〕 According to him, collaborationism can be subdivided onto * ''servile'' and * ''ideological'', the former is a deliberate service to an enemy, whereas the latter is a deliberate advocacy of co-operation with the foreign force which is seen as a champion of some desirable domestic transformations.〔 In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for non-ideological and ideological collaborations, respectively.〔Bertram N. Gordon, ''Collaborationism in France during the Second World War'' (Cornell University Press, 1980)〕 ==Etymology== The term ''collaborate'' dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French ''collaborateur'' as used during the Napoleonic Wars against smugglers trading with England and assisting in the escape of monarchists, and is itself derived from the Latin ''collaboratus'', past participle of ''collaborare'' "work with", from ''com''- "with" + ''labore'' "to work." The meaning of "traitorous cooperation with the enemy"〔''collaborate'' in ''The Oxford English Dictionary Online'' (2014) 〕 dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Government of Frenchmen who cooperated with the Germans, 1940-44. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Collaborationism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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